Recensement des thèses soutenues par les infirmiers en France à l'aube de la naissance de la discipline sciences infirmières.

The year 2019 saw nursing science become an official discipline in France, following the academization process initiated in 2009. Although nurses did not wait for this breakthrough to embark on doctoral-level courses, the absence of a dedicated academic nursing pathway has meant that it has not been possible to gain an overall picture of the theses written by nurses in French universities. The aim of this contribution is to compile an inventory of these theses by identifying the disciplinary fields in which the nurses defended them, as well as the preferred methodological approaches adopted. Following a computerized search using various databases, 132 theses were identified spanning a forty-year period, with a significant increase over the last ten years. Eighty-four percent of these doctoral theses were defended in the disciplines of humanities and social sciences, with a very large proportion in education sciences. Qualitative methods were preferred, with investigations that used interviews. The number of theses in the biological and health sciences has seen a recent increase. This inventory provides a benchmark for the doctoral output of nurses at a pivotal point in their professional history.

Kangaroo-mother care method: a documentary study of theses and dissertations of the brazilian nurse (2000-2017).

OBJECTIVES: to characterize theses and dissertations that address Kangaroo-Mother Care Method produced in Brazilian Graduate Nursing Programs from 2000 to 2017. METHODS: a documentary study of qualitative approach. From a total of 207 papers, 185 were excluded and 22 were selected. RESULTS: in 2006 and 2014 there was a higher number of master's dissertations. In 2001, 2013 and 2017, there were three productions of doctoral theses. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Federal University of Santa Catarina) presented the largest number of publications, with five studies, followed by Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia), with four. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Kangaroo-Mother Care Method has been researched in Brazilian Graduate Nursing Programs, mainly from the qualitative approach, highlighting the importance, contributions and difficulties of its application as a public policy.

[Colonel Hermann Schwyter, equine surgeon, a formative personality of equine medicine]. / Oberst Hermann Schwyter, Oberpferdarzt, eine prägende Persönlichkeit der Pferdemedizin.

INTRODUCTION: The biography of Colonel Hermann Schwyter, equine surgeon of the Swiss Army from 1928 to 1937, and the history of training of farriers in Switzerland since the 18th century are presented. Hermann Schwyters dissertation examined the changes of equine hoof confirmation as a result of standing and gait in approximately 2,000 horses and numerous anatomical specimens. He defines the foot placement, describes possible variations, their causes and effects. Significant is also his study of the compression pathology in horses and mules. His recommendations are still valid today. The present article refers to his authored textbook "The Swiss military farrier" and to his established journal, which is bearing the same title.

INTRODUCTION: On présente la biographie du colonel Hermann Schwyter, vétérinaire en chef de l'armée suisse de 1928 à 1937 et l'historique de la formation des maréchaux en Suisse depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Dans sa thèse, Hermann Schwyter a examiné l'évolution de la forme du pied du cheval en fonction des aplombs et des allures sur environ 2000 chevaux et de nombreuses préparations. Il a défini la position normale du pied, décrit les déviations, leurs causes et leurs effets. Il faut également souligner son étude sur les dommages dus aux pressions chez les chevaux et les mulets. Ses recommandations sont toujours valables aujourd'hui. Il est également fait référence à son ouvrage «Le maréchal-ferrant militaire suisse¼ ainsi qu'au journal portant le même titre qu'il avait créé.

[Sudden death in Versailles: A review of a cardiovascular treatrise by Dionis (1710)]. / Les morts subites à Versailles : une relecture du traité de Dionis (1710).

In 1710, the surgeon Pierre Dionis publishes a Dissertation on sudden death. Echoing and expanding the work of his Roman colleague Jean Marie Lancisi, he describes and analyzes dozens of cases of sudden death observed by him. A large number of cases was followed by autopsies allowing clinicopathological confrontation. Are proposed causes of death (pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic stroke, arterial rupture, etc.), pathophysiological mechanisms based on the ancient theory of humors, and preventive actions to avoid these unexpected deaths. In this article, we oppose these old data to those of current literature.

¿Tesis doctoral tradicional o por compendio de publicaciones? / Traditional doctorate thesis or by a compendium of publications?

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Historical Trends in Graduate Research and Training of Diplomates of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology.

The history of forensic anthropology has been documented by numerous scholars. These contributions have described the work of early pioneers in the field and have described important milestones, such as the founding of the Physical Anthropology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) in 1972 and the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA) in 1977. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the history of forensic anthropology by documenting the academic training of all individuals who have been granted diplomate status by the ABFA (n = 115). Doctoral dissertation titles were queried to discern broad patterns of research foci. A total of 39 doctoral granting institutions have trained diplomates and 77.3% of board-certified forensic anthropologists wrote dissertations involving skeletal biology, bioarchaeology, or forensic anthropology. Board-certified forensic anthropologists are a broadly trained group of professionals with far-reaching anthropological interests and expertise.

A translation of the Linnaean dissertation The Invisible World.

This study presents the first translation from Latin to English of the Linnaean dissertation Mundus invisibilis or The Invisible World, submitted by Johannes Roos in 1769. The dissertation highlights Linnaeus's conviction that infectious diseases could be transmitted by living organisms, too small to be seen. Biographies of Linnaeus often fail to mention that Linnaeus was correct in ascribing the cause of diseases such as measles, smallpox and syphilis to living organisms. The dissertation itself reviews the work of many microscopists, especially on zoophytes and insects, marvelling at the many unexpected discoveries. It then discusses and quotes at length the observations of Münchhausen suggesting that spores from fungi causing plant diseases germinate to produce animalcules, an observation that Linnaeus claimed to have confirmed. The dissertation then draws parallels between these findings and the contagiousness of many human diseases, and urges further studies of this 'invisible world' since, as Roos avers, microscopic organisms may cause more destruction than occurs in all wars.

Monsters and the case of L. Joseph: André Feil's thesis on the origin of the Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine.

André Feil (1884-1955) was a French physician best recognized for his description, coauthored with Maurice Klippel, of patients with congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae, a condition currently known as Klippel-Feil syndrome. However, little is known about his background aside from the fact that he was a student of Klippel and a physician who took a keen interest in describing congenital anomalies. Despite the relative lack of information on Feil, his contributions to the fields of spinal disease and teratology extended far beyond science to play an integral role in changing the misguided perception shrouding patients with disfigurements, defects, deformities, and so-called monstrous births. In particular, Feil's 1919 medical school thesis on cervical abnormalities was a critical publication in defying long-held theory and opinion that human "monstrosities," anomalies, developmental abnormalities, and altered congenital physicality were a consequence of sinful behavior or a reversion to a primitive state. Indeed, his thesis on a spinal deformity centering on his patient, L. Joseph, was at the vanguard for a new view of a patient as nothing less than fully human, no matter his or her physicality or appearance.

[In process] / Médicins Savoyard qui ont soutenu leur these de doctorat en France au XIX siècle, à Paris principalement.

Savoy, annexed by the French Revolution from 1792 to 1815, became again Sardinian within the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia until 1860, the year of annexation to France. These changes have not prevented many students from Savoy to come to France for their medical studies, mostly in Paris. While disorganized by the Revolution, medical training and education systems were put in order as of 1803. The Theses of 142 Savoy students (found largely thanks to foreign students in Paris file prepared by Pierre Moulinier) could be consulted in the archives of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé de Paris. Accordingly, were studied the geographical origin of candidates, thesis topics, age of the students, the philanthropic Savoisienne society of Paris, the Savoy students who exercised in Paris, the students who were former militaries and the doctors who had a local or national political mandate. A similar study at the Faculty of Turin would allow to better understand the migratory flows of these students.

The dissertation on pain by Jan Krtitel Bohác published in 1746.

It is reported that continuous attention to the topic of pain in the Czech lands started only in the sixties of the twentieth century. Newly discovered archival documents show, however, that the subject of pain was studied at the Prague Medical Faculty more than 200 years before. In 1746 one of the medical students, Jan Krtitel Bohác (John Baptist Bohadsch) defended his dissertation on pain, titled "De Doloribus in Genere." Unlike other dissertations of the time, Bohác's treatise was not a mere transcription of the teaching texts. A detailed examination of his dissertation shows that it contained a thesis for a disputation, an act that took place regularly at that time during university study. Only 22 years old, Bohác showed in his dissertation a perfect knowledge of the contemporary literature, providing a more accurate classification of the causes and effects of pain. He also disagreed with statements and conclusions of authorities at the beginning of the eighteenth century and even offered his own opinion. The present work summarizes the concept of the nervous system and pain in the middle of the eighteenth century and compares them with the translation of selected parts of Bohác's formerly unknown dissertation.

Explicating formal epistemology: Carnap's legacy as Jeffrey's radical probabilism.

Quine's "naturalized epistemology" presents a challenge to Carnapian explication: why try to rationally reconstruct probabilistic concepts instead of just doing psychology? This paper tracks the historical development of Richard C. Jeffrey who, on the one hand, voiced worries similar to Quine's about Carnapian explication but, on the other hand, claims that his own work in formal epistemology­what he calls "radical probabilism"­is somehow continuous with both Carnap's method of explication and logical empiricism. By examining how Jeffrey's claim could possibly be accurate, the paper suggests that Jeffrey's radical probabilism can be seen as a sort of alternative explication project to Carnap's own inductive logic. In so doing, it deflates both Quine's worries about Carnapian explication and so also, by extension, similar worries about formal epistemology.

Rudolf Virchow's medical school dissertation on rheumatism and the cornea: overlooked tribute to the cornea in biomedical research.

PURPOSE: To critique Rudolf Virchow's medical school dissertation on rheumatism and the cornea and to determine whether it might have anticipated his remarkable career in medicine. METHODS: Review of the English translation of Rudolf Virchow's de Rheumate Praesertim Corneae written in 1843. RESULTS: The dissertation was more than 7000 words long. Virchow considered rheumatism as an irritant disorder not induced by acid as traditionally thought but by albumin. He concluded that inflammation was secondary to a primary irritant and that the "seat" of rheumatism was "gelatinous" (connective) tissues, which included the cornea. He divided kerato-rheumatism into different varieties. The prognosis of keratitis was variable, and would eventually lapse into "scrofulosis, syphilis, or arthritis of the cornea." CONCLUSIONS: Virchow's dissertation characterizes rheumatism in terms of chemical and tissue interactions that make little sense in the context of today's knowledge of rheumatic disease and keratitis. Ironically, many of these concepts were made obsolete by the cellular model of disease that Virchow championed. Virchow decided to pursue the study of rheumatism through the cornea because he thought that the cornea was an ideal tissue to study disease. This discernment was passed on to his students whose seminal contributions to general pathology were based on research with the cornea. It is debatable whether Virchow's insight into the importance of the cornea in biomedical research at such an early stage of his career could have predicted his monumental contributions to medicine.

Review of 40-year MD theses in medical oncology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is almost 40 years since the foundation of the Medical Oncology (MO) Department. We aimed to appraise the clinical research to fulfill the Medical Doctorate (MD) degree in MO at the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University (NCI, CU). METHODS: This review included 62 MD theses containing 66 studies. They were reviewed regarding aims, type of study, clinical trial phase, design and methodology, statistical tests, results, limitations, consent and IRB approval. Theses were grouped into 3 periods: 1970-1989, 1990-1999 and 2000-2008. RESULTS: Almost 76% of the studies were interventional and 24% were observational. Informed consent and Institutional Review Board approval were mentioned in 18 and 2 studies, respectively. While all studies mentioned the aims, none, clearly mentioned the research question. Outcomes were mainly efficacy followed by safety. Study design was inadequately considered, especially in 70's-80's period (p=0.038). Median sample size and study duration were almost stable through the three periods (p=0.441, 0.354, respectively). Most of the studies used both descriptive and analytical statistical methods. In a descending order, researched cancers were lymphoma, breast, leukemia, liver, urinary bladder, lung and colorectal. The commonest stages researched were IV and III. The number of studies focused on assessing biomarkers, biomarkers plus drugs/procedures, drugs and procedures are 20, 20, 16 and 6, respectively. CONCLUSION: With time, research within MD theses in MO increased quantitatively and qualitatively. Improvements were noticeable in documentation of study design.

[The role of tropical medicine in the dissertations of the Porto school of medicine, 1875-1923]. / O lugar da medicina tropical nas dissertações da escola médica portuense, 1875-1923.

Since 1827 the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Porto published hundreds of inaugural dissertations dedicated to a broad range of subjects of medical nature. Bearing in mind the prevalence of the Lisbon school in the elaboration of its own scientific knowledge in the field of tropical medicine, the contribution of the Porto establishment may well be considered residual in comparative terms. However, between 1875 and 1923, there are documentary sources that address tropical diseases, particularly malaria. This work purports to show the contributions made by the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Porto to a theme which initially did not arouse specific interest of northern Portuguese physicians, duly analyzing and defining the scientific output in the field of tropical medicine.

O lugar da medicina tropical nas dissertações da escola médica portuense, 1875-1923 / The role of tropical medicine in the dissertations of the Porto school of medicine, 1875-1923

Desde 1827 a Escola Médico-Cirúrgica do Porto publicou centenas de teses inaugurais dedicadas a uma grande variedade de temas de natureza médica. Tendo em atenção a predominância da escola de Lisboa na elaboração de um conhecimento científico próprio na área da medicina tropical, o contributo do estabelecimento portuense pode ser considerado residual em termos comparativos. No entanto, entre 1875 e 1923, existem fontes documentais que versam a temática das doenças tropicais, em particular do paludismo/sezonismo. Com este trabalho, pretende-se mostrar os contributos aportados pela Escola Médico-Cirúrgica do Porto a um tema que à partida não despertou um particular interesse dos médicos nortenhos, analisando e enquadrando a produção científica em redor da medicina tropical.

Since 1827 the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Porto published hundreds of inaugural dissertations dedicated to a broad range of subjects of medical nature. Bearing in mind the prevalence of the Lisbon school in the elaboration of its own scientific knowledge in the field of tropical medicine, the contribution of the Porto establishment may well be considered residual in comparative terms. However, between 1875 and 1923, there are documentary sources that address tropical diseases, particularly malaria. This work purports to show the contributions made by the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Porto to a theme which initially did not arouse specific interest of northern Portuguese physicians, duly analyzing and defining the scientific output in the field of tropical medicine.

A Licenciatura em Enfermagem no Brasil (1968-2001): Uma Revisão de Literatura / A Degree in nursing in Brazil (1968-2001): a literature review

Pesquisa histórica com o objetivo de analisar e descrever as características da produção científica dapós-graduação brasileira sobre História da Enfermagem no período de 1988-2011, em relação àtitulação, orientadores, método de estudo, período e locais de produção. O estudo contemplou 189resumos de teses/dissertações sobre História da Enfermagem extraídos do Banco de Teses eDissertações da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem, que foram analisados segundo ascaracterísticas metodológicas, temporais, autorais e geográficas. A produção sobre História daEnfermagem representa 2,4% da produção total da pós-graduação de Enfermagem, com 52,4% dastitulações defendidas na década de 2000. Dos 189 resumos analisados, a História da Enfermagemfoi objeto de estudo em 66,1% das titulações de mestrado e 33,9% das titulações de doutorado, eteve 34,4% de toda a produção proveniente da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dos 96cientistas da Enfermagem que orientaram pesquisas sobre História da Enfermagem, 16,6% orientaram mais da metade dessa produção. A principal fonte de pesquisa foi documental (29,6%) e23,3% dos estudos utilizaram, como referencial teórico de análise, as ideias de Pierre Bourdieu. Demodo geral, a produção sobre História da Enfermagem mostrou-se modesta, construída commétodos de análise tradicionais e concentrada no Rio de Janeiro